2.3.4.
Das in vorrömischer Zeit orientalisch geprägte Judentum wurde erst
durch die Begegnung und in der Auseinandersetzung mit der überlegenen kulturellen Macht Roms zu der kulturellen und religiösen Größe, die wir heute kennen.
2.3.5.
Im Alten Testament werden die Römer verschiedentlich dargestellt. In Genesis 32f, wo erzählt wird, wie Jakob sich mit Esau aussöhnt, wird die Unterwerfung des Herodes unter Augustus literarisch verarbeitet. Herodes hatte im Bürgerkrieg zwischen Augustus und Antonius den Antonius unterstützt. Nach dem Sieg des Augustus in der Seeschlacht bei Actium am 2. September 31 v. Chr. musste sich Herodes dem Augustus als verlässlicher Partner anbieten (Ant 15,6,6f).
In den Erzählungen von Samuels Suche nach einem König für Israel in 1 Sam 8ff setzt Samuel in Israel Könige ein und verwirft sie. Diese Rolle kam in der historischen Realität den Römern Pompeius und Augustus zu. 1 Sam 8ff zeigt damit, dass die Juden die römische Macht als von Gott eingesetzt anerkannten.
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